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Dementia

Open the conversation

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Would you be happy to spend a few minutes talking about something that can make a big difference to your future health and wellbeing?

Insight

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Spending a moment to set the scene and asking permission can open a constructive person-centred conversation around behaviour change. This keeps the individual actively engaged in the conversation and decision making.

Did you know?

Brisk walking can be easily incorporated into everyday life for many people and is an acceptable form of physical activity.

Download this great infographic showing the UK Chief Medical Officers’ recommendations (2019) for physical activity in adults and older adults

The least active individuals stand to gain the most from a small increase in physical activity.

Real impact

Assess impact of the condition

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How has your condition affected your physical activity levels and the things you enjoy?

Insight

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Living life with a long term condition commonly affects an individual’s physical activity beliefs and behaviours. Focusing on this can be a useful way to introduce the topic.
Most people are ambivalent about, rather than resistant to, increasing their physical activity levels. Your challenge is to help an individual to consider and share their own ‘pros’ for increasing their physical activity levels and help them to develop these ideas into a workable plan that fits into their life.
Try to understand their perspective, agenda and priorities and do not assume they:

  • ought to change
  • want to change
  • are primarily motivated by their health
  • either ARE or ARE NOT motivated to increase their activity levels
  • will respond well to a tough approach from you
  • must (or will) follow your advice

Learning skills like motivational interviewing can help you avoid common pitfalls that sometimes make conversations about behaviour change unrewarding and ineffective. Visit our education section to learn more.

Did you know?

Brisk walking can be easily incorporated into everyday life for many people and is an acceptable form of physical activity.

Download this great infographic showing the UK Chief Medical Officers’ recommendations (2019) for physical activity in adults and older adults

The least active individuals stand to gain the most from a small increase in physical activity.

Real impact

Explore current activity

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How much physical activity do you manage to get done in a regular day?

Consider calculating their physical activity vital sign

Q1 On average, how many days each week do you do moderate or greater physical activity (like a brisk walk) ?

Q2 On those days, on average how many minutes do you do this physical activity for?

Results

Inactive. Only small increases in physical activity across the week can have large health benefits. Explain that just 30 minutes physical activity in one week can make a huge difference to their health.

Insufficiently active. A good start, but there is still a lot to be gained by increasing physical activity levels.

Active. Well done. Maintaining this level of activity is really important.

Insight

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Evaluating how active a person is, as part of a conversation to help them move more in the future, is recognised as being an important aspect of assessment. The way in which this is done, however, remains a cause for debate.

Gathering data about physical activity levels on a system wide basis can be a powerful way of integrating physical activity contacts into patient pathways, for instance through electronic medical records systems. They can also provide important data for demonstrating change and therefore the impact of an intervention, which can in turn drive changes in patient care and support commissioning of physical activity services.

However, recent evidence shows that any activity is better than none, and that there is no simple cut off or ‘threshold’ for health which applies to everyone. Identifying a cut off point introduces a concept of success or failure and can be detrimental to having a person-centred conversation based on individual values. In practice this can be the difference between a judgemental / diagnostic approach such as ‘you’re not doing enough and need to do more’ to a values based one such as ‘why might you want to become more active, personally?’ which can make them more likely to change their own behaviour.

Assessment tools can be used for screening and are particularly useful in systems. Whilst this can support systems delivery, it’s important to recognise that whilst those who say they are inactive generally are, many people who report being sufficiently active are not when compared with objective measures. This leads to many people who would benefit from a physical activity intervention being excluded on the false assumption they are sufficiently active.

Therefore we recommend that if you are going to assess physical activity levels, it can be helpful to approach it in one of two ways:

  1. Include the physical activity vital sign in the assessment phase of a healthcare contact, for instance alongside height, weight and blood pressure measurements.
  2. As part of a more focussed physical activity conversation, it might be preferable to explore current levels of activity as part of their daily/ weekly routine as a more informal way of ‘assessing’ physical activity behaviours, and resist the temptation to get too hung up on the numbers. This will facilitate a more patient -centred conversation which can then be developed to explore how they feel about becoming more active in the future and how they might go about it. It then provides an opportunity to share information about physical activity guidelines if appropriate, but try to avoid any statements such as ‘you are/ are not doing enough’.

Did you know?

Brisk walking can be easily incorporated into everyday life for many people and is an acceptable form of physical activity.

Download this great infographic showing the UK Chief Medical Officers’ recommendations (2019) for physical activity in adults and older adults

The least active individuals stand to gain the most from a small increase in physical activity.

Real impact

Find out what they already know

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What do you know about the benefits of physical activity in people with dementia?

Insight

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As an individual is more likely to change if they can personally identify with the ‘pros’ for change, help them to identify how they might benefit from being more active. Find out what they know first so that you can add to their existing understanding by sharing some of the wide-ranging benefits of being more active.

Did you know?

Start small and build up gradually for a safe approach to starting activity

Real impact

“Why haven’t I received [physical activity on prescription] before? I have been in pain for many years.”

“Brain health has been associated with greater involvement in social engagement, cognitive engagement and physical activities”

“Challenge your brain with learning new things as you get older.”

Share benefits

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Can I share some other things people find beneficial to see what you make of them.

Insight

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Based on your discussion so far, choose to share the benefits you judge will be most relevant and important to them. Some benefits are quite generic and others will be condition specific.

Remember the conversation won’t work if you take away their control. Ask permission and keep this a conversation not a lecture.

Did you know?

Start small and build up gradually for a safe approach to starting activity

Real impact

“Why haven’t I received [physical activity on prescription] before? I have been in pain for many years.”

“Brain health has been associated with greater involvement in social engagement, cognitive engagement and physical activities”

“Challenge your brain with learning new things as you get older.”

Encourage reflection

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What do you make of what I have just said?

Insight

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Allow some space for people to talk and explore the information rather than asking ‘do you understand?’ which can shut things down. Ask if they need anything clarifying and what concerns they might have about how the information applies to them.

Listen and reflect their concerns: ‘you’re worried about X’. Help them to address these issues by sharing the experience of other people: ‘other people I’ve worked with have had those concerns, but what typically happens when they get started is…’ or ‘whilst there is a small risk of X when you get started, this is outweighed by the risk reduction you experience once you have started moving more’. Ask what they think about what you have said.

Did you know?

Start small and build up gradually for a safe approach to starting activity

Real impact

“Why haven’t I received [physical activity on prescription] before? I have been in pain for many years.”

“Brain health has been associated with greater involvement in social engagement, cognitive engagement and physical activities”

“Challenge your brain with learning new things as you get older.”

Explore how they think activity may help

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What do you understand about how physical activity might help you?

Readiness Cycle

Using your judgement, offer to share the most relevant and important problem commonly reported by people with dementia then ask what they make of it.

is

  • More physical activity
  • Strengthens muscles
  • Increases stability
  • Improves balance
  • Reduces falls
  • More physical activity
  • More physical activity
  • Loads long bones
  • Increases bone density
  • Reduces fragility
  • Reduces risk of fractures
  • More physical activity
  • More physical activities with friends
  • Increases social interaction
  • Increases opportunity of verbal interaction
  • Promotes reminiscences and recall
  • Encourages sense of self
  • More physical activities with friends
  • Physical activities with friends
  • Increases social interaction
  • Increases opportunity of verbal interaction
  • Promotes Reflection
  • Reduces loneliness
  • Physical activities with friends
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • Cardiac output increased
  • Blood flow to brain increases
  • Healthier brain metabolism
  • Promotes healthy blood brain barrier
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • Increases shear stress on blood vessels
  • Increases release of pro-angiogenetic factors
  • Promotes blood vessel formation and density
  • Increases blood flow to the brain
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • Increases metabolism of sugars
  • Increases insulin sensitivity
  • Promotes healthy brain metabolism
  • Reduces vascular risk to the brain
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • Increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • Thalamo-cortical pathways stimulated
  • Promotes regulation of cardiac function
  • Reduces vascular risk and risk of syncope
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • Increases heart rate, blood pressure and blood flow to the brain
  • Deep brain grey nuclei sitmulated
  • Reduces risk of brain atrophy
  • Reduces risk of cognitive decline
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • More aerobic physical activity and co-ordinated motor activity
  • Activity in deep brain nuclei and signals to cortext stimulated
  • Helps maintain white matter function
  • Helps promote cell growth and maintenance
  • Reduces risk of brain atrophy
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • More aerobic physical activity
  • Increases activity in sub- cortical and cerebral centres
  • Release of neurotransmitters stimulated
  • Promote connections between brain cells
  • Improved white matter function
  • More aerobic physical activity

Insight

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The symptoms and challenges experienced by people with long term conditions are a real and frequently debilitating part of everyday life. Understanding how physical activity can make a difference to their day-to-day life can help strengthen their resolve and confidence to become more active.

Did you know?

Deconditioning from inactivity can start a vicious cycle: understand how to break it

Move more by breaking up sitting time – stand up during TV advertisement breaks or walk around the office.

For most people any increase in physical activity is encouraged. In order to benefit health, research has shown that activities need to be of at least moderate intensity. For most people, this will mean experiencing an increased heart rate and breathing rate during the activity.

Real impact

“Keeping your body fit and happy helps keep your brain fit and happy.”

“Research shows that if you engage in regular physical activity, you decrease your risk of Alzheimer’s disease”

“Staying physically active and mentally engaged appears to reduce the risk of dementia”

Respond to concerns

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What concerns might you have about becoming more active, if you decided to?

Insight

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Many people with health problems – and those without – have reasonable concerns about becoming more active. When you ask them about this, saying “if you decided to” reminds them that they are the decision maker, not you, keeping the discussion open and active, focusing your supportive role.

Find a way to reflect that you understand – ‘Yes, that is a common concern’ or ‘you’re concerned that being more active may make your pain worse’ (said as a statement, not a question).

Allow some space for people to talk about and explore new information, asking ‘what do you think about what I’ve just said?’ rather than asking ‘do you understand?’ which can shut things down. Ask if they need anything clarifying and what concerns they might have about how the information applies to them.

Did you know?

Deconditioning from inactivity can start a vicious cycle: understand how to break it

Move more by breaking up sitting time – stand up during TV advertisement breaks or walk around the office.

For most people any increase in physical activity is encouraged. In order to benefit health, research has shown that activities need to be of at least moderate intensity. For most people, this will mean experiencing an increased heart rate and breathing rate during the activity.

Real impact

“Keeping your body fit and happy helps keep your brain fit and happy.”

“Research shows that if you engage in regular physical activity, you decrease your risk of Alzheimer’s disease”

“Staying physically active and mentally engaged appears to reduce the risk of dementia”

Make it personal

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What would be the top 2-3 reasons for you personally becoming more active, if you decided to?

In addition to the personal benefits that being active can have, living an active life can reduce the risk of many common medical conditions by up to 50%

Offer to share some of this evidence if you feel they might be interested in finding out more about the impact of physical activity on disease prevention.

Insight

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Help them to generate and articulate their own reasons, which may or may not be health-related and recognise they might not be interested in long term disease prevention.

Saying ‘if you decided to’ reminds them that they are the decision maker, not you. This helps keep the discussion open and active, focusing your role on providing support.

Did you know?

For most people any increase in physical activity is encouraged. In order to benefit health, research has shown that activities need to be of at least moderate intensity. For most people, this will mean experiencing an increased heart rate and breathing rate during the activity.

The least active individuals stand to gain the most from a small increase in physical activity

Real impact

“What is good for the heart is good for the brain – evidence that the same sort of exercise that benefits cardiovascular function, also reduces the risk of dementia”

”Keep your loved ones engaged and both cognitively and physically active “

“I never exercised in the past, I didn’t know what the right way to exercise was”

Look forwards

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Let’s imagine that you did decide to live a more active lifestyle and were able to keep it up for six months or so, what differences do you think you might notice?

Insight

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Personal motivation may be strengthened by having people look further into the future – since the benefits of a more active lifestyle may be cumulative. Certain benefits may only materialise several weeks or months into the future. Getting people to talk about a potentially better future helps to ‘develop discrepancy’ – highlighting the gap between where a person is and where they want to be.

Did you know?

For most people any increase in physical activity is encouraged. In order to benefit health, research has shown that activities need to be of at least moderate intensity. For most people, this will mean experiencing an increased heart rate and breathing rate during the activity.

The least active individuals stand to gain the most from a small increase in physical activity

Real impact

“What is good for the heart is good for the brain – evidence that the same sort of exercise that benefits cardiovascular function, also reduces the risk of dementia”

”Keep your loved ones engaged and both cognitively and physically active “

“I never exercised in the past, I didn’t know what the right way to exercise was”

Help them build confidence

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What are the reasons you feel you could become more active if you decided to?

Or consider an alternative approach using a confidence ruler

“On a scale of 0-10, how confident are you that, if you did decide to become more active, you would be able to keep up an active lifestyle for, say, 6 months, where 0 is not at all confident and 10 is extremely confident?”

Explore “What makes you say x and not a lower number?”what makes you feel you could do this if you tried?”

Ask “What would help you become more confident?”

Insight

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These questions aim to get people talking about why they could be more active, if they tried, as this can help to increase their confidence, or self-efficacy. It also helps people to think about the concrete steps that they would need to take, which can help the change seem more achievable. Listen to and explore what they say: ‘are there any other reasons why you think you might be able to keep up an active lifestyle, if you decided this was what you wanted to do?’

Your focus is on encouraging them to think through what would help them to become more confident. This helps to strengthen their ideas about what else they might need to do. These questions can sometimes prompt individuals to create a personalised behaviour change plan. Continue to explore their ideas (before you share yours). Ask ‘and what else might help you become and stay more active?’

Did you know?

For most people any increase in physical activity is encouraged. In order to benefit health, research has shown that activities need to be of at least moderate intensity. For most people, this will mean experiencing an increased heart rate and breathing rate during the activity.

The least active individuals stand to gain the most from a small increase in physical activity

Real impact

“What is good for the heart is good for the brain – evidence that the same sort of exercise that benefits cardiovascular function, also reduces the risk of dementia”

”Keep your loved ones engaged and both cognitively and physically active “

“I never exercised in the past, I didn’t know what the right way to exercise was”

Summarise without adding anything

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Can I summarise what I think you have said?

Insight

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Don’t be tempted to impose your own plan at this stage – they may agree with you just to end the conversation. Summarise the main points of the conversation and find out what they are thinking

This may sound something like: ‘so some of the benefits of physical activity for someone like you with X include A and B and C. The most important reasons for you personally would be P and W’.

Using a summary can be a good way to demonstrate and express empathy, that you can see the world from their perspective. Empathy contributes to outcomes in a range of settings.

Did you know?

The least active individuals stand to gain the most from a small increase in physical activity

Real impact

Ask the key question

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So, what do you think you will do?

If they decide that they are NOT ready:

Thank them for taking the time to talk with you about physical activity and offer an opportunity to review the conversation. Reassure them that help is available when they feel ready to change.

If they decide to become more active:

THEN move on to planning. Continue to keep the focus on them generating their own ideas for change, rather than telling and instructing. People are much more likely to make successful changes if they develop their own plans.

Insight

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The individual has heard about the benefits of physical activity for someone like them and has had the chance to consider the benefits they would most like to experience. They have heard their ideas spoken back to them, which can help to reinforce them. Now it’s decision time. Asking an open question ‘what do you think you will do?’ rather than a closed question ‘so, are you going to do physical activity?’ helps remind them that they – not you – are the decision maker. If they are not ready to change now this can be challenging for you, but they might have good reasons to keep things the same for now. Encouraging further reflection can be an important part of the process of helping people to make successful changes over time. Offer an opportunity to follow up on this conversation to review their thoughts about making changes.

Did you know?

The least active individuals stand to gain the most from a small increase in physical activity

Real impact

Explore opportunities in daily routine

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How do you think you might get started?

Build activity into everyday life
Gardening
Singing
Walk more in your house
Stair based exercises
MM-Icons-Home Exercise Videos Stand during advert breaks
Home based exercise equipment
Bicycle
Walk if possible
Get off the bus a stop early
Try standing on tiptoes 10 times whilst waiting for the bus
Walking up stairs
Take an active lunch break
Standing to talk on a telephone
MM-Icons-Standing desk Stand from sitting
Walking meeting
Singing
Yoga/ Pilates /Tai chi
Playing with grandchildren
Exercise class
Walking clubs

Signpost the activity finder to explore local opportunities

Insight

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Useful questions to ask may include:

  • What easy or enjoyable ways can you think of fitting opportunities to move more into your daily life?
  • What’s the easiest thing you might do?
  • What kind of help might you need?
  • How often do you see yourself doing that?
  • Who might you do that with?

You may need to give some information here – about starting slow and building up, stopping if they notice any particular symptoms, etc.

Reflect back and expand on relevant points from your earlier discussion.

Did you know?

Muscle strengthening and balance activities should be done on at least two days per week

Brisk walking can be easily incorporated into everyday life for many people and is an acceptable form of physical activity.

Real impact

“Exercises shouldn’t be framed as six weeks, but forever. It only reinforces it as a short term thing.”

Agree a plan

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Can I share with you some things people find helpful when making a plan?

If they agree, ask them which of these might suit them

Share the relevant resource from the list below with your patient

Increase walking

This simple and progressive 12 week walking programme, developed by the ‘PACE-UP’ trial team is proven to help increase walking and health in the long term

Set some goals

Use our active lifestyles workbook to help those who are interested in building resilience and setting structured goals to create a roadmap for behaviour change

Use a diary

Creating a personalised monthly schedule helps work out where, when and how someone can start to fit opportunities to become more active into their own life

Use an app

EXi iPrescribe Exercise is a NHS approved app, which provides a personalised 12 week physical activity plan with tailored support for people with long term health conditions. It is free to use, just add the code ‘moving’ when logging on

Insight

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Aim to keep the focus on the individual generating their own ideas about change, rather than telling and instructing. People are much more likely to make successful changes if they develop their own plans.

Did you know?

Muscle strengthening and balance activities should be done on at least two days per week

Brisk walking can be easily incorporated into everyday life for many people and is an acceptable form of physical activity.

Real impact

“Exercises shouldn’t be framed as six weeks, but forever. It only reinforces it as a short term thing.”

Troubleshoot

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What might get in the way of your plan?

Get some detail

When people come up with some ideas it’s good to get some detail, so ask them how they might find a way round that and who might help them get there.

Insight

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The pathway to successful behaviour change is seldom straightforward and people have often tried before. It is important to recognise, anticipate and prepare for setbacks and identify the individuals in someone’s life who will be able to support them through difficult periods. There is always more than one path to each destination and it is important to get support along the journey.Encouraging people to think of possible obstacles to success and ways around them can be helpful during the planning phase.

Did you know?

Muscle strengthening and balance activities should be done on at least two days per week

Brisk walking can be easily incorporated into everyday life for many people and is an acceptable form of physical activity.

Real impact

“Exercises shouldn’t be framed as six weeks, but forever. It only reinforces it as a short term thing.”

Arrange follow up

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What would be helpful for me to arrange for you to follow up on this conversation?

Ongoing support is a key factor of successful behavioural change and clinical services exist to support people through their own journey with dementia.

Useful things to organise for people with dementia may include:

  • A follow up appointment with you or a colleague
  • Referral to a multidisciplinary pain programme
  • Referral to a walking for health or exercise referral programme

Signpost the patient information section, which contains links to physical activity opportunities.

Insight

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Asking this as an open question helps make it clear that what is important is their own personal agenda, not yours. It can be appropriate to follow up by asking permission to share follow up options they may not know about, such as:

  • Exercise on referral schemes are widely available throughout the UK, but their referral criteria and programmes vary. Check the local council’s website or contact the council’s physical activity lead to find out more information.
  • Referral to a multidisciplinary pain programme may be particularly important for people who are fearful of activity, have co-existing mental health problems and have been previously been unsuccessful in becoming more active.

The arrangement of a follow up appointment would also be appropriate for those people deciding not to become more active yet, but who want to ‘think about it some more’ The follow up appointment could be face to face but could also be via telephone or text.

Did you know?

In order to benefit health, research has shown that activities need to be of at least moderate intensity. For most people, this will mean experiencing an increased heart rate and breathing rate during the activity

Download this great infographic showing the UK Chief Medical Officers’ recommendations (2019) for physical activity in adults and older adults

Real impact

“I would like a group with people of a similar age and issues to me.”

“Why haven’t I received [physical activity on prescription] before? I have been in pain for many years.”

Signpost support organisations

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There are some great, free resources available here and on other websites by people who understand what it’s like living with your condition if you’d be interested to have a look

Support organisations
We Are Undefeatable

“We Are Undefeatable” is a national campaign by 15 leading health and social care charities to inspire and support people with long-term health conditions to build physical activity into their lives, in a way that suits them.

Insight

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People may or may not be interested in accessing information and support groups, but they can offer unique support for people contemplating physical activity behavioural change with their condition. Particularly given the range and reliability of information on the internet, trusted resources are important to highlight.

Did you know?

In order to benefit health, research has shown that activities need to be of at least moderate intensity. For most people, this will mean experiencing an increased heart rate and breathing rate during the activity

Download this great infographic showing the UK Chief Medical Officers’ recommendations (2019) for physical activity in adults and older adults

Real impact

“I would like a group with people of a similar age and issues to me.”

“Why haven’t I received [physical activity on prescription] before? I have been in pain for many years.”